Excluding crucial facts or alternative viewpoints to make one side look stronger or more universally accepted than it is.
02Emphasizing specific angles, statistics, or loaded language to evoke fear, anger, or outrage and steer interpretation.
03Presenting two viewpoints as equally credible even when the facts or scientific consensus overwhelmingly favor one.
04Selective camera angles, deceptive cropping, and misleading captions that frame people in a negative or overly flattering light.
05Sharing misleading content out of context, or fabricating it outright, to deceive and advance a narrative.
06Slanting or avoiding stories to protect a parent company's finances, keep advertisers happy, or serve a corporate agenda.
07Engagement-maximizing algorithms that trap users in feeds of belief-confirming content, deepening polarization.
08The reader's own tendency to accept belief-confirming stories uncritically and scrutinize disconfirming ones harder — what makes framing effective in the first place.
09Headlines optimized for clicks that overstate, question-bait, or strip out the nuance still present in the article body.
10Real numbers presented with a misleading baseline, timeframe, or chart axis to make a change look bigger or smaller than it is.
11A legitimate protection for vulnerable sources that can also be used to launder an unverified or single-source claim.
12A joke headline, stripped of its source and context by sharing, read and spread as if it were a real report.
13Deliberate, coordinated shaping of belief and behavior on behalf of an institution -- its history, its techniques, and its long presence in literature.