Two American economists were awarded the 2026 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences on Monday for research into what drives boom-and-bust cycles — and, crucially, how policymakers can smooth them out. Robert E. Hall of Stanford and Michael Woodford of Columbia were honored for decades of work showing that recessions and recoveries aren't simply forces of nature to be endured, but patterns that thoughtful public intervention can soften. Their research has shaped how central banks and governments think about keeping economies stable for ordinary households, rather than leaving working families exposed to the swings of unregulated markets. Both economists built their careers inside public and nonprofit universities, institutions increasingly squeezed by funding cuts even as their research yields outsized public benefit. The prize committee praised the pair for decades of rigorous, evidence-based modeling that has informed real-world policy responses to unemployment and inflation. Colleagues noted that their work underscores a simple idea: markets left entirely alone don't naturally protect people from instability — deliberate, well-designed policy does.